Keterlibatan Ikhwanul Muslimin Dalam Konflik Suriah (2011-2019)

Gumilar Irfanullah(1*), Anggi Yus Susilowati(2),


(1) IAIN SYEKH NURJATI CIREBON
(2) IAIN SYEKH NURJATI CIREBON
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


This paper traces the involvement of the Muslim Brotherhood organization and their role in the conflict in Syria that rolled from 2011 to 2019. The involvement of the Muslim Brotherhood is considered important in the context of the Syrian conflict because it has a fairly long-standing relationship with the Ba'ats government that now controls Syria. Since the 30-year exile of the organization, the Brotherhood's activity in responding to the Syrian conflict was read as a form of willingness to take part in the formation of Syria after Assad stepped down, as aspired by the Syrian opposition. This paper uses a qualitative method with a Syrian conflict case study approach (2011-2019). The dynamics of the Ikhwan's involvement in the Syrian conflict are read through the discourse of Islamism and Post-Islamism and produce some picture of the reasons behind the Ikhwan's involvement and at the same time read the extent of Ikhwan's success as an opposition in the Syrian conflict.

Keywords: Muslim Brotherhood, Syrian Conflict, Islamism, Post-Islamism


Full Text:

PDF

References


Agha, Ayman. “Muhammad Riyadh asy-Syaqfah ‘ala Qanat al-Jazirah al-Fadhaiyah.†Youtube.com (20 Agustus 2011), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEdHka4a9Ng,

Al-Akhbar. “al-Ikhwan wa as-Salafiyun fi al ‘am ar-rabi’ li al-azmah as-Suriyah.†Al-akhbar.com (07 November 2014), https://al-akhbar.com/Opinion/4092

Al-Banna, Hasan. Majmu’ah rasail al-imam asy-Syahid Hasan al-Banna. Versi terjemahan Bahasa Inggris oleh International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations.

Al-Jablawi, Hosan. “Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement: How a Once Moderate Group Joined Fateh al-Sham.†Atlanticcouncil.org (17 Februari 2017), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/syriasource/nour-al-din-al-zenki-movement-how-a-once-moderate-group-joined-fateh-al-sham/

Al-Jazeera. “Anba` an suquth Benghazi biyadi al-mutazhahirin.â€

Aljazeera.net (19 Februari 2011). https://bit.ly/2VIzHB8.

Al-Jazeera. “Anba` an tsalatsah qatla bi muzhaharat Libiya.†Aljazeera.net (16 Februari 2011). https://bit.ly/2ysTFIa

Alarabiya.net. “As-Su’udiyah: Hizbullah wa al-Ikhwan wa Da’isy Jama’at Irhabiyyah.†Alarabiya.net (07 Maret 2014), https://bit.ly/3aKHNyX

Alarabiya.net. “Min al-Qahirah; Ulama al-Muslimin yad’una ila al-Jihad fi Suriya.†Alarabiya.net (13 Juli 2013), https://bit.ly/2x4H6m9

AlawienTv. Limadza la nusyariku bi ats-tsaurah as-Suriyah. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZgkzaWius1o.

Aljazeera. “Kataib Nuruddin Zenki.†Aljazeera.net (24 Juli 2016), https://bit.ly/3eOzHZb

Aljazeera. “Liwa` at-Tauhid bi Suriya: Jabhat an-Nushrah Ikhwanuna.†Aljazeera.net (21 Desember 2012), https://bit.ly/2VHjQ79

Aljazeera. “Tahrir al-Sham claims bombings in Syria’s Damascus.†Aljazeera.com (12 Maret 2017), https://web.archive.org/web/20190411130751/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/hardline-group-syria-claims-deadly-damascus-bombings-170312151904118.html

Aljazeera. “Watsiqah ‘ahd wa mitsaq Ikhwan Suriya.†Aljazeera.net (26 Maret 2012), https://bit.ly/2Y1Xdfh

Almasrylyoum. “Indzar; al-Alaf yatazhaharuna dhid al-faqr wa al-bathalah wa al-ghala, wa al-fasad. Almasrylyoum (26 Januari 2011), https://today.almasryalyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=286068

Arabic.cnn. “Al-Imarat ta’tamidu qaimah tadhummu 84 tanzhiman wa jama’ah Irhabiyah†Arabic.cnn.com (16 November 2014).

Asthih, Paula. “Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun li asy-Syarq al-Ausath: Ansya`na Kataib Musallahah…†Aawsat.com (5 Agustus 2012), https://bit.ly/2RZd8Hq

Athwan, Abdul Bari. Ad-Daulah al-Islamiyah; al-Judzur, at-Tawahhusy, al-Mustaqbal. (Beirut: Dar as-Saqi. 2015).

Avanasifa, Dasya. “Ba’da Sanawat al-Manfa; al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun ya’uduna ila Suriya..†Ara.reuters.com (7 Mei 2015), https://ara.reuters.com/article/topNews/idARAKBN0NS17Q20150507

Bakour, Hamza. “’Ajil; al-Qardhawi yu’linu al-Jihad fi Suriya.†Youtube.com (20 Oktober 2012), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2LxmoMV20M

Bbc.com. “Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood declared ‘terrorist group.’ Bbc.com (25 Desember 2013), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25515932

Bbc.com. Syria opposition government head Ghassan Hitto resigns. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23232189

Becker, Petra. “Syrian Muslim Brotherhood Still a Crucial Actor.†(German Institute for International and Security Affairs. Oktober 2013).

Blanga, Yehuda U. The Role of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Syrian Civil War. https://mepc.org/journal/role-muslim-brotherhood-syrian-civil-war

Conduit, Dara. The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. (Cambridge University Press. 2019).

Creswell, John W. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design; Choose Among Five Traditions. (California: Sage Publications, Inc. 1998).

Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Edisi ke-3. (California: Sage Publications, Inc. 2009).

Da’dusy, Ahmad. “Asy-Syuqfah: Laisa hunaka Tanzhim Musallah li Ikhwan Suriya.†Aljazeera.net (10 April 2013), https://bit.ly/2xP14BG

Dw.com. I’lan Ta`sis Majlis Wathaniy Suri yumattsil al-Mu’aradhah wa ats-Tsuwar. https://bit.ly/2VsSJvo

Editor Encyclopaedia Brittanica. Syrian Civil War: Syrian History. https://www.britannica.com/event/Syrian-Civil-War

Gamal, Rania el. Syrian opposition agrees deal, chooses preacher as leader. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-doha/syrian-opposition-agrees-deal-chooses-preacher-as-leader-idUSBRE8AA0H320121111

Hanna, Abdullah. Shafahat min Tarikh al-Ahzab as-Siyasiyyah fi Suriyah. (Doha: al-Markaz al-Arabi li al-Abhats wa Dirasah as-Siyasiyat, 2018).

Hassan, Hassan. “Hold Sway over Syrian Opposition.†Al-monitor.com (21 Maret 2013), https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/03/syria-ghassan-hitto-muslim-brotherhood.html

Ikhbariyah, Munawwa’at. Syeikh Yusuf al-Qardhawi yu’linu ‘an Irsal qafilah ulama li Suriya. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RoXvgLaJHfM

Keppel, Gilles. Jihad; Expansion et declin de I’slamisme. (Paris: Gallimard, 2003).

Laqueur, Walter. “A Failure of Intelligence; Gilles Kepel’s obituary of Islamism was written before September 11.†The Atlantic (Maret 2002), https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/03/a-failure-of-intelligence/302442

Lefevre, Raphael. “The Muslim Brotherhood Prepares for a Comeback in Syria. Carnegie-mec.org (15 Mei 2013). https://carnegie-mec.org/2013/05/15/muslim-brotherhood-prepares-for-comeback-in-syria-pub-51732

Lefevre, Raphel. Ashes of Hama; the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. (New York: Oxford University Press. 2013).

Lund, Aron. “Struggling to Adapt: the Muslim Brotherhood in a New Syria.†Carnegieendownment.org (07 Mei 2013), https://carnegieendowment.org/2013/05/07/struggling-to-adapt-muslim-brotherhood-in-new-syria-pub-51723

MBC Misr. Khutbah asy-syaikh al-Qardhawi tuharridhu as-Sunnah ‘ala qital asy-Syi’ah. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkEYa77J0Yg

Middleeastmonitor.com. Syria opposition groups form new government in Idlib. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20171103-syria-opposition-groups-form-new-government-in-idlib/

Orient-news.net. “Ba’da sanawat al-Manfa; Nuwat al-Ikhwan ta’udu ila Suriyah.†Orient-news.net (07 Mei 2015), https://bit.ly/2KnEtip

Poljarevic, Emin. (2015). Islamis. Dalam Emad el-Din Shahin (ed). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics. Didownload dari https://bit.ly/2RKLEW9

Qutb, Sayyid. Ma’alim fi ath-Thariq, Cet. Ke-6, Beirut, (Kairo: Dar asy-Syuruq, 1979).

Roggio, Bill. “Al-Nusrah Front launches joint assaults with numerous Syrian rebel groups.†Longwarjournal.org (31 Juli 2013), https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/07/al_nusrah_front_laun_1.php,

RT. “Dzikra at-Tunisi Bu Azizi; Tsaurah Afrazat 11 hukumah bintizhar al-mansyud.†Arabic RT (17 Desember 2019). https://bit.ly/2RSORmy

RT. “Vidio yuzhiru thiflan yadzbahuhu Mu’aridhuna Suriyuna.†Arabic.rt.com (19 Juli 2016), https://bit.ly/2KFpJLL

Sherlock, Ruth. “Syrian rebels defy US and pledge allegiance to jihadi group.†Telegraph.co.uk (10 Desember 2012), https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9735988/Syrian-rebels-defy-US-and-pledge-allegiance-to-jihadi-group.html

Sherlock, Ruth., & Spencer, Richard. “Muslim Brotherhood Establishes Militia inside Syria.†Telegraph (03 Agustus 2012), https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9450587/Muslim-Brotherhood-establishes-militia-inside-Syria.html

Spencer, Robert. Syrian protesters: Chritian to Beirut, Alawites to the coffins. https://www.jihadwatch.org/2012/05/syrian-protesters-christians-to-beirut-alawites-to-the-coffin

Syrian Observer. “Who’s who: Ghassan Hitto.†Syrianobserver.com (20 Mei 2013), https://syrianobserver.com/EN/who/35656/whos_who_ghassan_hitto.html

Syrian Revolution Nine Years on. https://bit.ly/3ej1BMF

Youtube oleh akun pro oposisi Suriah, al-Mutsanna al-Ahmad.

I’lan Tasykil al-Jaisy as-Suri al-Hurr. Diapload pada 29 Juli 2011. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZcCbIPM37w&t=170s.




DOI: 10.24235/tamaddun.v8i1.6425

Article Metrics

Abstract view : 56 times
PDF - 16 times

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2020 Jurnal Tamaddun : Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam

Tamaddun indexed by:

This journal provides immediate pen access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

View My Stats Jurnal Tamaddun: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam Published by Department History and Islamic Civilization, Faculty of Ushuluddin, and Adab, IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon.

Editorial Office:

FUAD Building, 2st Floor, Department History and Islamic Civilization, Faculty of Ushuluddin,  and Adab, IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon.  Perjuangan Street of Sunyaragi, Cirebon City, West Java, Indonesia 45132 Phone. 0231-481264, Fax. 0231-489926, Email: jurnaltamadun@gmail.com